Istituto Rudy Lanza - Catalogo bibliografico delle tesi

Negli ultimi decenni l’allungamento della vita media e della sua durata massima, l’elevata presenza di soggetti anziani nella popolazione generale, specialmente nei paesi sviluppati, e l’incremento della spesa sanitaria e sociale hanno stimolato, sia nei ricercatori dell’area economico-sociale che in quelli dell’area biomedica, un particolare interesse nello studio dei processi dell’invecchiamento.

Nella presente trattazione saranno prese in considerazione e discusse le teorie più accreditate che cercano di spiegare in modo più o meno completo il processo dell’invecchiamento. Basandosi sull’evidenza che molti meccanismi possono interagire simultaneamente operando a diversi livelli di organizzazione funzionale, la visione dell’invecchiamento come processo multifattoriale complesso ha sostituito le precedenti teorie “monofattoriali” che vedevano una singola causa come responsabile di tale fenomeno. Di fatto molte teorie singolarmente possono spiegare alcuni dei fenomeni che caratterizzano un invecchiamento cosiddetto “fisiologico”, ma non possono dare ragione del processo nella sua globalità.

Il sistema più accreditato attualmente fa intervenire come elemento centrale del processo di senescenza l’equilibrio tra i fenomeni di degradazione e di riparazione dell’organismo. In questo sistema, l’invecchiamento sarebbe il risultato della lotta permanente ma sempre fatale tra l’efficacia dei sistemi di mantenimento e di riparazione dell’organismo, e dell’intensità di alcuni processi che tendono ad alterarlo e degradarlo. L’equilibrio di forze in gioco è influenzato in modo variabile da fattori energetici, genetici e ambientali propri di ciascun individuo. Tuttavia, almeno due aggressori partecipano in misura maggiore ai processi di distruzione dell’organismo: le forme attive dell’ossigeno o radicali liberi e alcuni zuccheri abbondantemente presenti nell’organismo come il glucosio.

Tra i diversi approcci di ricerca e interventi antiaging, la riduzione dell’intake calorico rimane la via più accreditata. Studi in numerose specie (lieviti, elminti, mammiferi) hanno mostrato che la restrizione calorica (CR) può ridurre l’incidenza e rallentare l’insorgenza di patologie legate all’età (malattie cardiovascolari e neurodegenerative), migliorare la resistenza allo stress e decelerare il declino funzionale e anche aumentare il lifespan. La ricerca è ora finalizzata a stabilire se tale intervento nutrizionale sia rilevante ai fini dell’invecchiamento dell’uomo.

Negli organismi inferiori come i lieviti è stato osservato che l’esposizione a stress di lieve entità quali stress osmotico e un modesto shock termico e la restrizione calorica attivano dei geni detti Sir2 che codificano degli enzimi denominati Sirtuine. Negli organismi superiori il gene omologo è il SIRT1.

Le Sirtuine sono una famiglia di enzimi deacetilasici coinvolti nel processo di attivazione e disattivazione dei geni. Il SIRT1 elimina i gruppi acetilici dalle proteine attraverso il loro trasferimento al NAD+.

Il gene SIRT1 è collocato nel cromosoma 10 e codifica la proteina Sirt1 che è in grado di deacetilare proteine nucleari e citoplasmatiche che controllano processi cellulari critici come l’apoptosi e il metabolismo. Il gene SIRT1 regola la produzione di insulina e glucosio, il metabolismo lipidico e la sopravvivenza cellulare. E’ per tale ragione che le Sirtuine possono mediare gli effetti della restrizione calorica nei mammiferi.

Nel 2003 un ricercatore americano Sinclaire evidenziò come i polifenoli tra cui la quercetina, il resveratrolo, la buteina e altri sono in grado di esercitare nei lieviti saccaromiceti gli stessi effetti osservati dalla restrizione calorica. Ciò è molto importante perché se i dati potessero essere trasferiti all’uomo significherebbe che noi potremmo ottenere un aumento della nostra aspettativa di vita senza sottoporci a una faticosa restrizione calorica.

Recentemente altre sostanze di natura fenolica sono state viste esecitare degli effetti simili, questi composti sono le catechine ed in particolare quella più attiva è la EGCG presente nel tè verde.

Uno studio del 2010 evidenzia come i polifenoli siano in grado di attivare i geni SIRT, i quali aumentando la produzione di Sirtuine modulano in senso positivo una serie di effetti che sono chiamati in causa nelle principali malattie degenerative dell’uomo. Intervengono nella regolazione dell’apoptosi, miglioramento della risposta allo stress, regolazione dell’infiammazione, modulazione dell’azione della proteina P53, diabete, metabolismo lipidico ecc.

L’impiego di alcune sostanze polifenoliche in grado di stimolare i geni SIRT potrebbe contribuire alla cura e alla prevenzione delle principali malattie degenerative, rallentando i processi di invecchiamento. Tuttavia le evidenze sono ancora limitate a modelli animali e mancano informazioni circa la loro eventuale efficacia e applicabilità sull’uomo.

Bibliografia:

Teorie dell’invecchiamento

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Meccanismi dell’invecchiamento

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Sirtuine e geni Sirt

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